Factors related to health literacy among Brazilian adolescents: cross-sectional study / Factores relacionados con la alfabetización en salud de adolescentes brasileños: estudio transversal / Fatores relacionados ao letramento em saúde de adolescentes brasileiros: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical factors with health literacy in Brazilian adolescents. Method: This is a cross-sectional study with 526 adolescents aged 14 to 19. Data were collected virtually between July and September 2021 using a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire, clinical profile and the Health Literacy Assessment Tool - Portuguese version. The variables were evaluated by multiple linear regression with normal response, with significance p < 0.05. Results: The average age was 16.9 years (±1.6), the average health literacy score was 25.3 (±5.4). Female gender (p = 0.014), university educational level (p = 0.002) and use of medication (p = 0.020) were related to higher levels of health literacy. Adolescents with chronic illnesses had a higher total literacy score, on average 1.51 points, compared to those without chronic illnesses. Conclusion: Male adolescents and those with less education performed worse in health literacy and, therefore, deserve special attention in health promotion actions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre factores sociodemográficos y clínicos con la alfabetización en salud de adolescentes brasileños. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal llevado con 526 adolescentes entre 14 y 19 años. Los datos se recogieron virtualmente entre julio y septiembre de 2021 mediante un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica, de perfil clínico y de la Health Literacy Assessment Tool - versión en portugués. Las variables se sopesaron por regresión linear múltiple con respuesta normal y significación p < 0,05. Resultados: La edad promedio era de 16,9 años (±1,6) y la puntuación media en alfabetización en salud de 25,3 (±5,4). El sexo femenino (p = 0,014), la mayor escolaridad (p = 0,002) y el uso de medicación (p = 0,020) estaban relacionados con niveles más altos de alfabetización en salud. Los adolescentes con enfermedades crónicas obtuvieron una puntuación total de alfabetización más alta, en media, 1,51 puntos, en comparación con los que no padecían dichas enfermedades. Conclusión: Adolescentes del sexo masculino y aquellos con menos escolaridad presentaron un desempeño pobre en la alfabetización en salud y, por esa razón, necesitan atención especial durante las acciones de promoción de la salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos com o letramento em saúde de adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 526 adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos. Os dados foram coletados virtualmente entre julho e setembro de 2021 por meio de questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, do perfil clínico e do Health Literacy Assessment Tool - versão em português. As variáveis foram avaliadas por regressão linear múltipla com resposta normal, com significância p < 0,05. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 16,9 anos (±1,6), a pontuação média do letramento em saúde foi de 25,3 (±5,4). Sexo feminino (p = 0,014), maior escolaridade (p = 0,002) e uso de medicamentos (p = 0,020) foram relacionados a maiores níveis de letramento em saúde. Adolescentes com doenças crônicas apresentaram pontuação total do letramento superior, em média 1,51 pontos, comparados aos sem doença crônica. Conclusão: Adolescentes do sexo masculino e os com menor escolaridade apresentaram pior desempenho no letramento em saúde e, por isso, merecem especial atenção nas ações de promoção da saúde.

Implicaciones biológicas del embarazo en la adolescencia y su influencia con el entorno social. Perú / Biological implications of adolescent pregnancy and its influence on the social environment. Perú

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las implicaciones biológicas del embarazo en la adolescencia y su influencia con el entorno social, Perú. Metodología: Se planteó la metodología cuantitativa. La población estuvo comprendida por los adolescentes que acuden al centro hospitalario Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019, el cual se conformó por una población de 400 adolescentes, cuya muestra fue de 190 madres adolescentes con amenaza de aborto. En conclusión: Existe relación significativa del embarazo en la adolescencia con las implicancias biológicas y su influencia con el entorno social de las madres adolescentes que acuden al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima 2019. Es necesario que se realicen coordinaciones con las instituciones respectivas de salud locales con el fin de promover, fomentar y desarrollar comportamientos sexuales.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the biological implications of adolescent pregnancy and its influence on the social environment, Peru. Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used. The population consisted of adolescents attending the Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019 National Hospital, with a population of 400 adolescents. The sample consisted of 190 adolescent mothers with threatened abortion. In conclusion: There is a significant relationship between adolescent pregnancy and the biological implications and its influence on the social environment of adolescent mothers attending the Hipólito Unanue Hospital, Lima 2019. It is necessary to coordinate with the respective local health institutions in order to promote, encourage and develop sexual behaviors.

Factores de riesgo/resiliencia en familias con hijos con autismo. Asociación con la evolución en la adolescencia / Risk/resilience factors in families with children with autism. Association with evolution in adolescence

Resumen La influencia del estrés de los padres y el efecto moderador de las estrategias de afrontamiento y apoyo social en niños con autismo están bien documentados. El número de trabajos con un di seño transversal contrasta con la escasez de estudios con diseño longitudinal que permitirían profundizar en las relaciones entre las características del contexto familiar y la evolución del trastorno. El presente trabajo de seguimiento está dedicado al análisis de esas relaciones en el tiempo transcurrido desde la infancia (T1) a la adolescencia (T2), valorando además los resultados en diferentes dominios del desarrollo. Participaron 45 adolescentes con TEA divididos en dos grupos en función del ambiente familiar, de alto riesgo (AR; N= 18) y de bajo riesgo (BR; N=27). Los resultados confirman y extienden los que han aportado trabajos transversales, evidenciando la influencia negativa de un ambiente familiar de riesgo en la severidad del TEA y en el desarrollo de habilidades socio-adaptativas. La psicoeducación, la terapia cognitivo-conductual y el mindfulness han de mostrado que pueden disminuir el estrés de los padres y aumentar el sentimiento de auto-eficacia.

Abstract The influence of parental stress and the moderating effect of coping strategies and social support in children with autism is well documented. The number of works with a cross-sectional design contrasts with the scarcity of studies with a longitudinal design that would allow to deepen in the relationships between characteristics of the family context and the evolution of the disorder. The present follow-up study is devoted to the analysis of these relationships over time from childhood (T1) to adolescence (T2), also assessing the results in different developmental domains. Forty-five adolescents with ASD participated, divided into two groups according to family environment, high risk (HR; N=18) and low risk (LR; N=27). The results confirm and extend those obtained in cross-sectional work, showing the negative influence of a risky family environment on the severity of ASD and the development of socio-adaptive skills. Psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioural therapy and mindfulness have been shown to decrease parental stress and increase feelings of self-efficacy.

Implicaciones biológicas del embarazo en la adolescencia y su influencia con el entorno social. Perú / Biological implications of adolescent pregnancy and its influence on the social environment. Perú

Describir las implicaciones biológicas del embarazo en la adolescencia y su influencia con el entorno social, Perú. Metodología: Se planteó la metodología cuantitativa. La población estuvo comprendida por los adolescentes que acuden al centro hospitalario Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019, el cual se conformó por una población de 400 adolescentes. Cuya muestra fue de 190 madres adolescentes con amenaza de aborto. En conclusión: Existe relación significativa del embarazo en la adolescencia con las implicancias biológicas y su influencia con el entorno social de las madres adolescentes que acuden al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima 2019. Es necesario que, se realicen coordinaciones con las instituciones respectivas de salud locales con el fin de promover, fomentar y desarrollar comportamientos sexuales.

To describe the biological implications of adolescent pregnancy and its influence on the social environment, Peru. Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used. The population consisted of adolescents attending the Hipólito Unanue-Lima 2019 National Hospital, with a population of 400 adolescents. The sample consisted of 190 adolescent mothers with threatened abortion. In conclusion: There is a significant relationship between adolescent pregnancy and the biological implications and its influence on the social environment of adolescent mothers attending the Hipólito Unanue Hospital, Lima 2019. It is necessary to coordinate with the respective local health institutions in order to promote, encourage and develop sexual behaviors.

Research progress on the association between childhood obesity and pubertal timing / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#With the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children, the influence of overweight and obesity on pubertal timing has attracted the attention of scholars. This paper reviewed the correlation and mechanism between childhood obesity and pubertal timing, especially for earlier pubertal timing, and found that the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function by nutrition and metabolic signals might under lie those associations. Obesity in girls was positively correlated with early pubertal timing, while the conclusions in boys were inconsistent. Overweight in boys was related to early pubertal timing, obesity in boys could lead to both earlier and later onset of puberty, which warrents further investigation.

A longitudinal study on association between puberty development and thyroid function of school aged girls in Minhang District, Shanghai / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To observe the association between puberty development and thyroid function among school-aged girls in Minhang District of Shanghai, in order to explore the effect of puberty development on thyroid function. @*Methods@#The study was based on a cohort of adolescent girls recruited in iodine-suitable areas of Minhang District, and the baseline and follow-up survey have been carried out from January to March 2019. The method of phased cluster sampling was used to select one junior high school in the east, south, north and middle of Minhang District, Shanghai, respectively. Finally, 464 new junior high school girls were included in the Cohort study for physical examination, and girls were followed up from January to March 2021. The Puberty Development Scale (PDS) was used to assess the stage of puberty. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were determined for each participant. Thyroid homeostasis structure parameters (THSPs) was calculated. Changes of Thyroid hormones at baseline and follow-up were compared by Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of thyroid hormones (THs) and THSPs changes with pubertal develepment.@*Results@#Serum TSH levels of female studentds decreased significantly, while their FT3 and FT4 levels increased significantly during the study period ( Z=-10.53, -4.71, -12.46, P <0.01). In multiple linear regression analysis after adjustment for co-variables (including baseline age, change of BMI and waist circumference), FT4 and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) in the higher puberty category scores changes (△PCS) group were further reduced compared with those in the low △PCS group ( β =-0.66, -0.55 ). Compared to the late puberty at baseline and follow-up (BLFL) group, FT4 and TFQI showed higher decline in the pre-puberty at baseline and late puberty at follow-up (BPFL) group with the pre-puberty at baseline and end of puberty at follow-up (BPFT) group ( β =-0.55, -0.44)( P <0.05). There were no association of △TSH, △FT3, △FT4/FT3 and TSH index changes (△TSHI) with △PCS or the puberty pattern.@*Conclusion@#Serum TSH decreases while serum FT3 and FT4 increase among girls during puberty. Both the initial stage and the velocity of pubertal development are related to thyroid hormone fluctuations.

Digital violence in teen dating: an ecological engagement methodology / Violência digital no namoro entre adolescentes: uma inserção ecológica

Abstract Objectives: to investigate digital dating violence among adolescents. Methods: qualitative research, applying the ecological engagement methodology, carried out in a non-governmental organization. The final sample consisted of eight male and female adolescents, aged between 16 and 19 years old. Data were analysed according to Content Analysis technique, with triangulation of instruments and technique: biosociodemographic questionnaire; field notes; semi-structured interview; questionnaire "Knowing Dating Relationships". Results: digital violence was frequent and naturalized in dating; despite mutual violence, bidirectionality in dating violence did not mean gender symmetry; the pandemic was linked to the daily increase in Internet use via mobile phones, but it did not increase dating violence. Impulsivity was used in attempts to resolve conflicts in dating, associated not only with adolescence, but also with the increasing digitization and acceleration of relationships within our society. Adolescents were direct and/or indirect victims of violence in their main development microsystems (family, school and neighborhood), simultaneously exposed to different types of violence, since childhood. Conclusions: the digital microsystem can be seen as another context for the perpetration and victimization of violence. Preventive actions should consider the various expressions of violence (physical, psychological, sexual and digital) and their repercussions for physical and mental health.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar a violência digital no namoro entre adolescentes. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando o método da Inserção Ecológica, realizada numa Organização não Governamental, com amostra final de oito adolescentes dos gêneros masculino e feminino (16 e 19 anos). Os dados foram analisados segundo a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, com triangulação de instrumentos e técnica: questionário biosociodemográfico; diário de campo; entrevista individual semiestruturada; questionário "Conhecendo as Relações de Namoro". Resultados: a violência digital foi frequente e naturalizada no namoro; apesar da violência mútua, a bidirecionalidade na violência no namoro não significou simetria de gênero; a pandemia esteve ligada ao aumento diário do uso da Internet via celular, mas não potencializou a violência no namoro. A impulsividade marcou as tentativas de resolução de conflitos no namoro, associada não só à adolescência, mas também à crescente digitalização e aceleração das relações no âmbito da nossa sociedade. Os adolescentes foram vítimas diretas e/ou indiretas de violência nos principais microssistemas de desenvolvimento (familiar, escolar e bairro), expostos simultaneamente a diferentes tipos de violência, desde a infância. Conclusões: o microssistema digital pode ser visto como mais um contexto de perpetração e vitimização de violência. Recomenda-se que ações preventivas considerem as várias expressões da violência (física, psicológica, sexual e digital) e seus desdobramentos à saúde física e mental.

Health and Self-Care from the Perspective of Institutionalized Adolescents / Saúde e Autocuidado na Perspectiva de Adolescentes Institucionalizadas / La Salud y el Autocuidado desde la Perspectiva de Adolescentes Institucionalizadas

Abstract The health of institutionalized adolescents is permeated by peculiarities that are influenced by the different contexts in which they develop. This study aimed to understand the conceptions about health and self-care elaborated by adolescents under protective measures of institutional shelter, in the light of the Bioecological model. This is a qualitative and exploratory study, based on the Bioecological Theory. Fourteen adolescent girls participated in the study. Based on the ecological insertion methodology, data were collected from a field diary, medical records, a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews, subjected to thematic content analysis. A plurality of understandings about health and self-care was verified, which are more associated with the institutional experience than with family life and evidenced a lack of actions that support healthcare habits and autonomy of adolescents within the family unit.

Resumo A saúde da adolescente institucionalizada é permeada por peculiaridades que são influenciadas pelos diferentes contextos em que se desenvolve. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as concepções sobre saúde e autocuidado com a saúde elaboradas por adolescentes em medida protetiva de acolhimento institucional, à luz do modelo Bioecológico. Estudo qualitativo e exploratório, embasado na Teoria Bioecológica. Participaram 14 adolescentes do sexo feminino. A partir da inserção ecológica os dados foram coletados por diário de campo, prontuário, questionário e entrevistas semiestruturadas, submetidas à análise temática do conteúdo. Verificou-se uma pluralidade de compreensões sobre saúde e autocuidado, que estão mais associadas à vivência institucional do que à convivência familiar e evidenciaram carência de ações que apoiem os hábitos de cuidados com a saúde e a autonomia das adolescentes dentro do núcleo familiar.

Resumen La salud de la adolescente institucionalizada tiene peculiaridades que están influenciadas por los diferentes contextos en los que se desarrollan. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las concepciones sobre la salud y el autocuidado de la salud elaboradas por las adolescentes en medidas de protección del acogimiento institucional, a la luz del modelo Bioecológico. Este es un estudio cualitativo y exploratorio, basado en la Teoría Bioecológica. Participaron 14 adolescentes mujeres. A partir de la inserción ecológica, los datos fueron recolectados mediante diario de campo, fichas médicas, cuestionario y entrevistas semiestructuradas, sometidas a análisis de contenido temático. Se verificó una pluralidad de comprensiones sobre la salud y el autocuidado, que están más asociadas a la experiencia institucional que a la vida familiar y mostraron una falta de acciones que apoyen los hábitos de cuidado de la salud y la autonomía de las adolescentes dentro del núcleo familiar.

Advances in evaluation methods of pubertal timing in children / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Over the past 40 years, there has been a long term trend of early pubertal onset in children in China. Early pubertal timing is closely associated with mental health and behavioral problems in children, and can even lead to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancers of the endocrine system and abnormalities of the bone and joint system in adulthood. Prompt detection of early pubertal timing in children is important. There are many methods for evaluating pubertal timing, the appropriateness of which is worth exploring. This paper reviews previous literature publications, examines current research progress in evaluation methods of pubertal timing, evaluates their applicability in the study of children and adolescents, and provides a reference for the selection of an evaluation method to assess pubertal timing in children in China.

Research hotspots and trend analysis of puberty development among children and adolescents from 2013 to 2022 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the hotspots, frontiers, and future research trends related to puberty development among children and adolescents from 2013 to 2022, and to provide a reference for subsequent research related to puberty development.@*Methods@#Data related to puberty development from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection with the search formula "puberty timing (title) OR puberty development (title) OR pubertal timing (title) OR pubertal development (title) OR puberty timing (abstract) OR puberty development (abstract) OR pubertal timing (abstract) OR pubertal development (abstract)". The CiteSpace was used for visual analysis.@*Results@#A total of 6 684 publications were obtained and an upward trend could be seen in the number of publications in the field of puberty development in the last 10 years. Researchers with a high number of publications were Juul Anders, Brix Nis, and Ernst Andreas, in addition, the United States had the highest number of publications ( 2 125 ) and the highest betweenness centrality (0.23) in this field. In the last decade, research hotspots had focused on the timing of pubertal initiation, biological mechanisms of pubertal development, and sex differences in pubertal development. Research on environmental endocrine disruptors and the mechanisms of pubertal development were at the forefront of research and future research trends.@*Conclusion@#Scholars can refer to the research hotspots and research trends in this field and focus on the issues related to environmental endocrine disruptors and pubertal development mechanisms.

The relationship among pubertal timing, overweight and obesity and eating disorders in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the relationship among pubertal timing, overweight and obesity, and eating disorders among Bengbu adolescents, and to provide a reference for obesity prevention.@*Methods@#Two nine year schools were conveniently selected in Bengbu, with 683 students from grade 5 to grade 8. Puberty Development Scale (PDS) and Eating Disorders Inventory of Children (EDI-C) subscale were used, height and weight were measured. The associations between obesity, pubertal timing and eating disorders were analyzed.@*Results@#The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in boys than that in girls, and the rate of early pubertal timing, drive for thinness score, body dissatisfaction score and total eating disorder score were higher in girls than that in boys( χ 2/t =28.69, 57.99, 3.47, 2.59, 3.30, P <0.05). The differences in rate of overweight and obesity, bulimia score and total eating disorder score were statistically significant by grade( χ 2/F =28.39, 5.11, 3.95, P ＜0.01). There was a positive correlation among overweight obesity and early pubertal timing and eating disorder, and a positive correlation between early pubertal timing and eating disorder( r =0.18, 0.17, 0.14, P < 0.01 ). The mediating effect of early pubertal timing between overweiht, obesity and eating disorders partially contributed 14.25% to the total effect.@*Conclusion@#Overweight and obesity is associated with eating disorders, and early pubertal timing partially mediate the association between overweight obesity and eating disorders. Healthy lifestyle should be advocated in family and school to effectively prevent adolescents obesity, pubertal timing, and eating disorders.

Research progress on childhood obesity and adolescent development / 中国医师杂志

Overweight and obesity in children are one of the severe public health crises in China, which is closely related to various health issues during adolescence, such as sexual development, height, internal metabolism, and psychology. Therefore, it is of great significance to deeply understand the influencing factors of childhood obesity and its puberty development, explore the relationship between obesity and puberty development, and intervene in adolescent obesity and predict obesity related diseases in children and adolescents.

Perception about adult caregiving among Chilean adolescents / Percepción acerca del cuidado de los adultos en adolescentes chilenos

BACKGROUND: Chronic stress has short and long-term consequences during child and adolescent development if the stress is not mediated by adult care-giving. AIM: To assess the perceptions of parental responsiveness, demand, and monitoring among seventh grade students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We applied the Brief Parental Scale (developed and validated locally) asking 12 items about three dimensions, namely responsiveness, demand, and monitoring to 524 seventh grade students aged 12 years, 48% females, from eight public and private schools at Santiago. Results: The overall response rate was 85%. While the scores were higher for mothers, a significantly constant gradient for the same dimensions (demand > responsiveness > monitoring) was verified for both parents. CONCLUSIONS: The main hypothesis emerged from our study is that adolescents seem to perceive a discrepancy in terms of a relatively high demand and lower monitoring from parents/guardians towards them. The differences between fathers and mothers in adolescent care and the different perceptions by gender of adolescents about parental caregiving, require a further analysis.

ANTECEDENTES: El estrés crónico ha demostrado tener efectos a corto y largo plazo en el desarrollo infantil y adolescente, especialmente si el estrés no es mediado por el cuidado adulto responsable. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción de capacidad de respuesta, demanda y monitoreo parental en adolescentes de séptimo año básico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicó la Escala Parental Breve (desarrollada y validada localmente) consultando 12 ítems en relación a 3 dimensiones: capacidad de respuesta, demanda y monitoreo a 524 estudiantes de séptimo año básico de 12 años de edad (48% mujeres) de ocho establecimientos educacionales públicos y privados de Santiago. RESULTADOS: La tasa de respuesta promedio fue de 85%. Si bien los puntajes fueron superiores para madres, se verifica una gradiente significativamente constante para las mismas dimensiones (demanda > capacidad de respuesta > monitoreo) en ambas figuras parentales. Conclusiones: La principal hipótesis que emerge de nuestro estudio es que los adolescentes parecen percibir una discrepancia en términos de una relativa alta demanda de las figuras parentales y menor monitoreo por parte de estos hacia ellos. Otros aspectos que se deben profundizar están relacionados con las diferencias observadas entre los niveles de involucramiento de padres o madres y lo posiblemente reportado por niños/niñas sobre estas experiencias.

A saúde mental dos adolescentes brasileiros: pesquisa nacional de saúde do escolar de 2019 / La salud mental de los adolescentes brasileños: encuesta nacional de salud escolar 2019 / Brazilian adolescents' mental health: 2019 national school health survey

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as prevalências dos indicadores de saúde mental entre os escolares brasileiros. Método: estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2019. Estimou-se as prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) dos indicadores de saúde mental dos adolescentes brasileiros de 13 a 17 anos, segundo idade, sexo, dependência administrativa da escola e Unidade da Federação. Resultados: dos 125.123 escolares de 13 a 17 anos investigados, 4,0% (IC95% 3,7-4,3) mencionaram que não tinham amigos próximos; 50,6% (IC95% 49,8-51,4) sentiram-se preocupados com as coisas comuns do dia a dia; 31,4% sentiram-se tristes na maioria das vezes ou sempre; 30,0% (IC95% 29,4 - 30,6) achavam que ninguém se preocupava com eles; 40,9% (IC95% 40,2 - 41,5) ficaram irritados, nervosos ou mal-humorados; 21,4% (IC95% 20,9-22,0) sentiam que a vida não vale a pena ser vivida; e 17,7% (IC95% 17,2-18,2) apresentaram autoavaliação em saúde mental negativa. A maioria desses indicadores foram mais frequentes em escolares de 16 e 17 anos, no sexo feminino e em escolas públicas. Conclusão: evidenciou-se o aumento do sofrimento mental entre os adolescentes brasileiros pelos indicadores de saúde mental da PeNSE edição 2019. Os resultados revelaram relações de desigualdades estruturais de gênero e classe social. É necessário maior investimento em políticas públicas a fim de diminuir as consequências do sofrimento mental entre os adolescentes brasileiros.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de los indicadores de salud mental entre los escolares brasileños. Método: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar 2019 (PeNSE). Se estimó la prevalencia y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) de los indicadores de salud mental de los adolescentes brasileños de 13 a 17 años, según la edad, el género, la dependencia administrativa de la escuela y la Unidad de la Federación. Resultados: de los 125. 123 escolares de 13 a 17 años investigados, el 4,0% (IC95%: 3,7-4,3) mencionaron que no tenían amigos íntimos; el 50,6% (IC95%: 49,8-51,4) se sentían preocupados por las cosas comunes de la vida diaria; el 31,4% se sentían tristes la mayor parte del tiempo o siempre; el 30,0% (IC95% 29,4 - 30,6) sentía que nadie se preocupaba por ellos; el 40,9% (IC95% 40,2 - 41,5) estaba irritable, nervioso o de mal humor; el 21,4% (IC95% 20,9 - 22,0) sentía que no valía la pena vivir; y el 17,7% (IC95% 17,2 - 18,2) tenía una autoevaluación negativa de su salud mental. La mayoría de estos indicadores eran más frecuentes en los escolares de 16 y 17 años, en las mujeres y en los colegios públicos. Conclusión: se evidenció un aumento de la angustia mental entre los adolescentes brasileños a través de los indicadores de salud mental de la edición PeNSE 2019. Los resultados revelan relaciones de desigualdades estructurales de género y clase social. Es necesario invertir más en políticas públicas para reducir las consecuencias del malestar mental entre los adolescentes brasileños.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the prevalence values of the mental health indicators among in-school Brazilian adolescents. Method: a cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted with data from the 2019 National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, PeNSE). The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the mental health indicators of Brazilian adolescents aged from 13 to 17 years old were estimated according to age, gender, school's administrative system and Federation Unit. Results: of the 125,123 students aged from 13 to 17 years old that were investigated, 4.0% (95% CI: 3.7-4.3) mentioned that they did not have close friends; 50.6% (95% CI: 49.8-51.4) felt worried about common everyday issues; 31.4% felt sad most of the times or always; 30.0% (95% CI: 29.4-30.6) thought that no one cared about them; 40.9% (95% CI: 40.2-41.5) were irritated, nervous or in a bad mood; 21.4% (95% CI: 20.9-22.0) felt that life was not worth living; and 17.7% (95% CI: 17.2-18.2) presented negative mental health self-assessments. Most of these indicators were more frequent in female adolescents aged 16 and 17 years attending public schools. Conclusion: an increase in mental distress was identified among Brazilian adolescents according to the mental health indicators of PeNSE 2019. The results revealed relationships marked by gender and social class structural inequalities. More investment is necessary in public policies in order to reduce the consequences of mental distress among Brazilian adolescents.

Loneliness and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: results of national adolescent school-based health survey 2015

Abstract Objective: To identify the associated factors to loneliness among Brazilian adolescents, considering this is a knowledge gap and given its severity. The United Nations estimates that mental health problems affect approximately 20% of adolescents worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey 2015, conducted with students aged 13-17 in Brazil. The statistical analysis was performed with the calculation of the prevalence of feeling loneliness reported. Poisson regression with the adjusted Prevalence Ratio was used to evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics, family context, mental health and lifestyles, and feelings of loneliness. Results: 15,5% of Brazilian students reported loneliness in the last 12 months. Female gender, higher maternal education, insomnia and be bullying victims rarely or sometimes and most of the time or always had a higher prevalence rate of loneliness. Having friends, having a meal with parents or guardians 5 days or more a week and having understanding parents showed a lower prevalence ratio for loneliness. Conclusion: Loneliness feeling is frequent among adolescents and is associated with female gender, less social and family support, intra-family violence and risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and bullying. Policies to promote physical and mental well-being in this age group, stimulating friendship and family participation in the lives of adolescents should be made.

Social isolation and its impact on child and adolescent development: a systematic review / Isolamento social e seu impacto no desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to analyze the effects of social isolation on children's and teenagers' development, with emphasis on the possible impacts over their physical and mental health. Data source: Review of the literature following the standards of PRISMA using the SciELO, LILACS and PubMed databases. The following key-words were used: "social isolation" and "child development", "quarantine" and "adolescent development" according to the Medical Subject Headings (MESH) and their translation to the Portuguese. Studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish from inception were included. Data synthesis: 519 studies were screened and 12 were included in the systematic review. Five of those focused the psychology and social issues, two of them the effects of pandemics on these issues; four studies reported on impacts on general health and two consequences over the hypothalamus- hypophysis - adrenal axis and the cognitive and social development. Conclusions: The review shows a strong association between social isolation and anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Social isolation leads to higher levels of cortisol and worse cognitive development. Therefore, the mental and physical health of children and adolescents need a careful follow up by health professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do isolamento social para o desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes, considerando consequências em médio e longo prazos, e entender possíveis impactos sobre a saúde mental e física. Fontes de dados: Revisão sistemática da literatura seguindo os parâmetros da lista Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e PubMed. Os descritores utilizados foram "social isolation" AND "child development", "quarantine" AND "child development", "social isolation" AND "adolescent development", "quarantine" AND "adolescent development" de acordo com o Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e seus equivalentes para a língua portuguesa, conforme os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS). Incluíram-se artigos originais em inglês, português e espanhol, sem delimitação temporal. Síntese dos dados: Identificaram-se 519 referências, e, após critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 12 artigos foram analisados. Cinco abordaram a questão psicossocial (sendo dois sobre os efeitos das pandemias), quatro sobre os impactos na saúde em geral, dois sobre consequências no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e um sobre o desenvolvimento cognitivo e social. Conclusões: Os artigos revisados evidenciaram forte relação entre isolamento social e maior incidência de sentimentos como ansiedade e depressão na população de crianças e adolescentes. Além disso, identificaram-se aumento nos níveis de cortisol e piora no desenvolvimento cognitivo dessa faixa etária. Logo, o acompanhamento da saúde mental e física desses jovens por profissionais da saúde deve estar presente durante e após a pandemia.

Child and adolescent victims of sexual violence: aspects of physical and emotional development / Niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas de violencia sexual: aspectos del desarrollo físico y emocional / Crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual: aspectos do desenvolvimento físico e emocional

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the multidisciplinary health team's perception on aspects of the physical and emotional development of children and adolescents who have suffered sexual violence. Methods: a qualitative study, carried out with 30 health professionals in a hospital in Bahia, Brazil, between June and July 2019. Data were collected from an interview guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. The results were interpreted according to Symbolic Interactionism. Results: some sexually violated children were under five years old and healthy, others had physical/mental disabilities. Victimized adolescents were in the pre-pubertal phase, with fragile body structure, not emotionally mature and unaware of sexuality. Final considerations: children's physical and emotional aspects make children vulnerable to sexual victimization, as they facilitate the control and dominion that offenders need to have over them. As a protection strategy, it is recommended using sexual and health education linked to greater surveillance of family members, multidisciplinary team and educators.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar la percepción del equipo multiprofesional de salud sobre aspectos del desarrollo físico y emocional de niños y adolescentes que han sufrido violencia sexual. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, realizado con 30 profesionales de la salud en un hospital de Bahía, Brasil, entre junio y julio de 2019. Los datos fueron recolectados a partir de una entrevista guiada por un cuestionario semiestructurado. Los resultados fueron interpretados según la Teoría del Interaccionismo Simbólico. Resultados: algunos niños violados sexualmente tenían menos de cinco años y estaban sanos, otros tenían discapacidades físicas/mentales. Los adolescentes victimizados se encontraban en la fase prepuberal, con una estructura corporal frágil, no madura emocionalmente y desconociendo la sexualidad. Consideraciones finales: los aspectos físicos y emocionales de los niños, niñas y adolescentes hacen que los niños sean vulnerables a la victimización sexual, ya que facilitan el control y dominio que el agresor debe tener sobre ellos. Como estrategia de protección, se recomienda el uso de la educación sexual y en salud ligada a una mayor vigilancia de los familiares, del equipo multidisciplinario y de los educadores.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a percepção da equipe multiprofissional de saúde sobre os aspectos do desenvolvimento físico e emocional de crianças e adolescentes que sofreram violência sexual. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 30 profissionais de saúde em hospital da Bahia, Brasil, entre junho e julho de 2019. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevista norteada por questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados foram interpretados conforme o Interacionismo Simbólico. Resultados: algumas crianças violadas sexualmente tinham menos de cinco anos e aspecto saudável, outras portavam deficiências físicas/mentais. Adolescentes vitimizadas estavam em fase pré-púbere, com estrutura corporal frágil, pouco amadurecidas emocionalmente e desconheciam sobre sexualidade. Considerações finais: aspectos físicos e emocionais infantojuvenis vulnerabilizam crianças para a vitimização sexual, pois facilitam o controle e domínio que o agressor necessita ter sobre elas. Como estratégia de proteção, recomenda-se o uso da educação sexual e em saúde atreladas a maior vigilância de familiares, da equipe multiprofissional e educadores.

Comportamentos de promoção da saúde de adolescentes escolares / Comportamientos de promoción de la salud de adolescentes escolares / Health promotion behaviors of school adolescents

Objetivo: identificar os comportamentos de promoção da saúde de adolescentes escolares. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 60 adolescentes, em 2020, utilizando-se questionário sociodemográfico e versão brasileira da Adolescent Health Promotion Scale. Análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: identificou-se comportamentos de promoção da saúde em uma frequência menor que "algumas vezes", com Escore Global de 2,93. Dimensão valorização da vida apresentou os menores escores, ao passo que a dimensão exercício físico demonstrou os melhores. Participantes do sexo feminino obtiveram maiores escores globais e nas dimensões nutrição e exercício físico. As correlações bivariadas entre as dimensões da escala reconheceram associações entre 0,20 e 0,59. Conclusão: o comportamento de adolescentes para promoção da saúde circunda atitudes de frequência mediana nas dimensões nutrição, suporte social, responsabilidade pela saúde, valorização da vida, exercício físico, controle de estresse, apontando a necessidade de estratégias promotoras da saúde capazes de empoderar e assegurar o protagonismo na própria saúde.

Objective: to identify the health promotion behaviors of school adolescents. Method: cross-sectional study, conducted with 60 adolescents, in 2020, using a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the Adolescent Health Promotion Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: health promotion behaviors were identified in a frequency lower than "sometimes", with a Global Score of 2.93. Dimension appreciation of life presented the lowest scores, while the physical exercise dimension showed the best. Female participants obtained higher global scores and in the dimensions nutrition and physical exercise. The bivariate correlations between the scale dimensions recognized associations between 0.20 and 0.59. Conclusion: the behavior of adolescents for health promotion surrounds attitudes of median frequency in the dimensions nutrition, social support, responsibility for health, appreciation of life, physical exercise, stress control, strategies capable of empowering and ensuring the protagonism in their own health.

Objetivo: identificar los comportamientos de promoción de la salud de adolescentes escolares. Método: estudio transversal, realizado con 60 adolescentes, en 2020, utilizándose cuestionario sociodemográfico y versión brasileña de la Adolescent Health Promotion Scale. Análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: se identificaron comportamientos de promoción de la salud en una frecuencia menor que "algunas veces", con Escore Global de 2,93. Dimensión valoración de la vida presentó los puntales más pequeños, mientras que la dimensión ejercicio físico demostró los mejores. Las participantes femeninas obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones globales y en las dimensiones nutrición y ejercicio físico. Las correlaciones bivariadas entre las dimensiones de la escala reconocieron asociaciones entre 0,20 y 0,59. Conclusión: el comportamiento de adolescentes para promoción de la salud circunda actitudes de frecuencia mediana en las dimensiones nutrición, apoyo social, responsabilidad por la salud, valoración de la vida, ejercicio físico, control de estrés, señalando la necesidad de estrategias promotoras de la salud capaces de empoderar y asegurar el protagonismo en la propia salud.

Research on the puberty needs to establish a multi index evaluation and prediction system / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The onset and progression of puberty development is affected by interaction of genes and environments, and is linked to lifelong health. A comprehensive understanding of pubertal development in Chinese children and its influence on health outcomes becomes an important public health concern. Therefore, building an evaluation index system for Chinese children to assess the puberty onset and the temporal sequences throughout the puberty stage, and establishing a multidimensional predictive model for puberty trajectory lay down the foundation for this issue. This article reviews the currently available evidence referring to the assessment system and the prediction model for puberty timing, and outlines directions for future research in this area.

Fatores associados à proposição do diagnóstico de enfermagem: atraso no crescimento em adolescentes / Factores asociados con la proposición del diagnóstico de enfermería: retraso en el crecimiento de los adolescentes / Factors associated with the proposition of nursing diagnosis: delay in growth in adolescents

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os fatores socioeconômicos e clínicos associados à proposição do diagnóstico de enfermagem atraso no crescimento em adolescentes. Método: estudo transversal em escolas públicas de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. Amostra com 385 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos. A coleta ocorreu de junho a setembro de 2017. A análise de dados ocorreu no IBM SPSS statistic. Resultados: os fatores que apresentaram associação com as características definidoras "Estatura final inferior ao alvo", "Maturação sexual retardada", "Diminuição da massa óssea", "Velocidade de crescimento abaixo do esperado" e "Diminuição da massa óssea" foram: sexo, anos de estudo, estado civil e massa muscular. Os fatores relacionados "Efeitos indesejáveis de terapias" e "Privação emocional" associaram-se à idade e ao sexo, respectivamente. Conclusão: Esses fatores podem influenciar direta ou indiretamente na proposição diagnóstica, contribuindo na acurada detecção do problema, oportunizando ações precisas e resultados positivos em saúde.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: analizar los factores socioeconómicos y clínicos asociados con la proposición del diagnóstico de enfermería retraso del crecimiento en adolescentes. Método: estudio transversal en escuelas públicas de una ciudad del Nordeste de Brasil. Muestra con 385 adolescentes de entre 10 y 19 años. La recolección tuvo lugar de junio a septiembre de 2017. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados con la ayuda de IBM SPSS statistic. Resultados: Los factores que se asociaron a las características definitorias "Estatura final por debajo del objetivo", "Retraso en la maturación sexual", "Disminución de la masa ósea", "Velocidad de crecimiento por debajo del esperado" y "Disminución de la masa ósea" fueron: sexo, años de estudio, estado civil y masa muscular. Los factores relacionados con los "Efectos indeseables de las terapias" y la "Privación emocional" se asociaron con la edad y al sexo, respectivamente. Conclusión: Estos factores pueden influir directa o indirectamente en la propuesta diagnóstica, contribuyendo a la detección precisa del problema y proporcionando acciones precisas y resultados positivos para la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the socioeconomic and clinical factors associated with the proposition of the nursing diagnosis delay in growth in adolescents. Method: cross-sectional study in public schools of a city in the Northeast of Brazil. Sample with 385 adolescents between 10 and 19 years old. The collection took place from June to September 2017. The data obtained were analyzed with the aid of IBM SPSS statistic. Results: the factors that presented association with the defining characteristics "Final height below the target", "Delayed sexual maturation", "Decrease in bone mass", "Growth velocity below expected" and "Decrease in bone mass" were: sex, years of study, marital status and muscular mass. The factors related to "Undesirable effects of therapies" and "Emotional deprivation" were associated with age and sex, respectively. Conclusion: These factors may directly or indirectly influence the diagnostic proposition, contributing to the accurate detection of the problem and providing accurate actions and positive results in health.